The Role of Gut Microbiota in Health of Animals and Development: A Zoological Perspective

Abstract

The gut microbiota, the diverse community of microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal tract, plays an essential role in animal health, development, physiology, and evolution. Recent advances in molecular and metagenomic techniques have revealed complex host–microbe interactions that influence digestion, immune system maturation, metabolism, and even behavior. From invertebrates to mammals, the gut microbiota contributes to nutrient acquisition, protection against pathogens, and modulation of host development. In this review, we discuss the composition, functions, and evolutionary significance of gut microbiota across animal taxa. We also highlight the influence of environmental factors, diet, and host genetics on microbial community structure, as well as the implications of dysbiosis for animal health. Understanding these intricate host–microbe relationships provide a zoological framework for improving animal welfare, sustainable livestock production, and biodiversity conservation.

KEYWORDS

Gut microbiota, host–microbe interactions, animal development, symbiosis, immune regulation, evolution, zoology