The Bioscan (ISSN: 0973-7049(P)), an International Quarterly Journal of Life Sciences with an international editorial board, aims to publish original peer-reviewed/refereed research papers on all aspects of life sciences and is published as an official organ by the National Environmentalists Association, India. The journal is a print version, but online first, and all the papers can be downloaded free of charge. The journal strictly follows its publication ethics and instructions to contributors. Editor-In-Chief: Dr. M.P. Sinha Title proper: The Bioscan ISSN: 0973-7049(P) Subject: Applied Sciences, Medicine, Life Sciences, Biology Publisher: National Environmentalists Association Publisher URL: https://www.neaindia.org/ Dates of publication: 2006 Frequency: Quarterly Language: English Country: India Format of Publication: Print and Online Indexed by: Clarivate Analytics, Web Of Science Impact Factor: 6.195 Indexed by NLM: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/?term=0973-7049 Title DOI of the Journal: https://doi.org/10.63001/tbs
Effect of Agronomic iron biofortification through integrated nutrient management on soil physico-chemical properties of transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.)
A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of agronomic iron biofortification through integrated nutrient management on soil physico-chemical properties of transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown on sandy loam soils of Uttar Pradesh at Agronomy Farm, College of Agriculture, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology during two consecutive kharif seasons of 2024 & 2025. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with twelve treatments and replicated thrice. The results revealed that, combined application of FYM @ 3 tonnes ha-1, 0.5 % foliar spray of FeSO4, 0.5 % foliar spray of Fe-EDTA, seedling dip with iron solubilizing bacteria @ 1 gm L-1 of water for 30 minutes along with 100 % RDF (T12) has significant improvement in organic carbon content of the soil of transplanted rice. The study revealed that agronomic iron biofortification through integrated nutrient management practices have improved the nutrient status of the soil.
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Territorial Denial and Biosocial Harm: A Case Analysis of Chronic Spatial Instability and Masculine Identity Formation
Chronic spatial instability, which may be defined as the cumulative effect of repeated disruptions to territorial anchoring within domestic, institutional and communal spaces, has yet to be studied as a separate pathway of embodiment within Nancy Krieger’s ecosocial paradigm. The current research explores the potential of identifying biosocial effects as a result of three particular forms of disruption — namely, severed domestic bonds, institutional incarceration and territorial dislocation — on marginalised males, along with compensatory behaviours that could serve as adaptations in this regard. The study is based on a qualitative behavioural case analysis with an application of spatial mapping in combination with the theoretical frameworks of Hirschi's (1969) social bond theory, Hamilton’s (1964) kin selection theory, as well as the ecosocial- biosocial synthesis by Krieger (2011). The study is based on Nandha (2001), a realist cinematic document of marginalised masculine development in Tamil Nadu, South India. Findings have demonstrated that these three forms of disruption act collectively to impair elements of social bonding and result in hypervigilance, attachment dysregulation and identity dislocation in the male subject. The compensatory adaptive mechanism in question included surrogate kinship and spatial mobility as biosocial substitutes for denied territorial and relational anchoring. These outcomes provide theoretical support for the hypothesis that chronic spatial instability may function as a distinct pathway of embodiment within Krieger’s ecosocial framework.
Comparative Economics of Paddy Seed Production under Public and Private Seed Producing Agencies in Ayodhya District of Uttar Pradesh
Seed production plays a crucial role in enhancing agricultural productivity, ensuring food security, and improving farmers’ income through the availability of quality seeds. The present study was undertaken to examine and compare the economics of certified paddy seed production under public and private seed producing agencies in Ayodhya district of Uttar Pradesh. The study was based on primary data collected during the agricultural year 2024-25 from 60 certified seed grower farmers registered with Uttar Pradesh Beej Pramanikaran Sansthan. Cost and return analysis were carried out to assess the profitability and economic efficiency of seed production under both agencies. The findings revealed that the total cost of cultivation was lower in the public seed producing agency (₹56,252.19 per hectare) than in the private seed producing agency (₹69,004.25 per hectare). The private agency recorded a slightly higher net seed yield of 42.64 quintals per hectare compared to 40.94 quintals per hectare in the public agency. Consequently, gross income was higher in the private agency (₹1,05,808.00 per hectare) than in the public agency (₹1,02,058.00 per hectare). However, due to substantially higher production costs, the net income earned by public agency growers (₹45,805.81 per hectare) exceeded that of private agency growers (₹36,803.75 per hectare). The benefit-cost ratio was also higher in the public agency (1.81) than in the private agency (1.53), indicating better resource-use efficiency and profitability. The study concludes that certified paddy seed production is a profitable enterprise under both agencies, but public seed producing agencies offer greater economic viability owing to lower cultivation costs and higher net returns.
Shatavari Taila Pichu and Matra Basti with Pippalyadi Nabhigata Lepa for Sukhprasava: A Case Report
In Ayurveda, Sukhprasava (easy, natural childbirth) is the desired outcome of labour, as prolonged and painful labour often results from anxiety, inadequate uterine contractions, cervical rigidity, and modern lifestyle changes. This case report describes a 24-year-old primigravida at 39 weeks of gestation with a Bishop score of 5 who received Shatavari Taila Yoni Pichu (intravaginal tampon), Shatavari Taila Matra Basti (60 ml per-rectal oil enema), and Pippalyadi Nabhigata Lepa (umbilical paste containing Pippali, Vacha, and Eranda Taila) during active labour. Following the interventions, the Bishop score increased from 5 to 10, the first stage of labour lasted 6 hours, the second stage 35 minutes, and the third stage 10 minutes; APGAR scores were 8/10 at 1 minute and 9/10 at 5 minutes, with no maternal or fetal adverse events. The combined Ayurvedic protocol improved cervical ripening, regulated Apana Vata, shortened labour, and promoted Sukhprasava without complications, though larger studies are warranted.
TRACE QUANTIFICATION OF EPICHLOROHYDRIN AS A POTENTIAL GENOTOXIC IMPURITY IN ACEBUTOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE DRUG SUBSTANCE BY ADVANCED GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY TECHNIQUE.
Epichlorohydrin is a potentially genotoxic impurity widely used as an intermediate in the synthesis of several pharmaceutical active ingredients. Due to its mutagenic and carcinogenic potential, its presence in drug substances must be controlled at trace levels in accordance with regulatory requirements. The present study describes the development and validation of a sensitive, accurate, and reliable headspace gas chromatographic method coupled with flame ionization detection (HS-GC-FID) for the determination of epichlorohydrin in Acebutolol Hydrochloride API. Chromatographic separation was achieved using an Rtx-1301 capillary column under optimized headspace and gas chromatographic conditions. The developed method was validated according to ICH guidelines for specificity, system precision, method precision, accuracy, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), and intermediate precision. The method exhibited excellent specificity with no interference at the retention time of epichlorohydrin. Precision studies demonstrated satisfactory reproducibility with %RSD values well within acceptance limits. Accuracy studies showed recoveries ranging from 93% to 112%, confirming the reliability of the method. The method was linear over the studied concentration range with a correlation coefficient of 0.981. The LOD and LOQ values were found to be 0.7 ppm and 1.5 ppm, respectively, indicating adequate sensitivity for trace-level determination. The validated HS- GC-FID method is simple, precise, accurate, and suitable for routine quality control monitoring of epichlorohydrin in Acebutolol Hydrochloride API.
E-Waste: Current Scenario, Risks And Management Approaches
The accelerated growth of information and communication technologies, together with increasingly shorter life spans of electronic products, has resulted in a sharp rise in electronic waste (e-waste) across the globe. Although e-waste is a rich source of recoverable materials, including valuable precious metals, it also contains toxic substances such as lead, mercury, and cadmium. When these materials are not properly handled or disposed of, they present serious threats to environmental quality and human health. This review analyzes the global and regional status of e-waste generation, its environmental and health consequences, and the prevailing methods used for its management. It discusses sustainable approaches, policy initiatives, and emerging technological solutions designed to enhance e-waste processing and resource recovery. The volume of e-waste is expanding rapidly, driven by growing consumer demand for electronic devices and rapid technological obsolescence. Items such as mobile phones and batteries constitute a significant proportion of this waste stream, particularly in developing nations. In India, the fast-growing information technology and electronics industries have substantially increased the generation of e-waste, turning its management into a critical environmental and public health concern. Inadequate disposal methods and the dominance of informal recycling practices intensify environmental contamination and pose severe occupational health risks. Additionally, many developing countries encounter further challenges due to the illegal transboundary movement of e-waste, often misrepresented as second-hand electronic equipment. This review evaluates existing e-waste management systems and identifies gaps that need to be addressed. It outlines future pathways for sustainable e-waste management, emphasizing the importance of robust policy enforcement, technological advancements, and increased public awareness. The review covers sources and composition of e-waste, key facts, harmful impacts, recycling and recovery strategies, Indian and global scenarios, associated risks, management practices, ongoing challenges, and future prospects.
Comparative Phytochemical Analysis of Leaf and Root Extracts of Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Rumph. ex A. Juss. and Euphorbia tortilis Rottl. Ex Ainslie from Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu
Codiaeum variegatum and Euphorbia tortilis belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae. C. variegatum, commonly known as Croton is widely cultivated for its ornamental and medicinal values. The plant has been traditionally used to treat various ailments, including skin diseases, wounds and fever. E. tortlis, commonly known as Tortilis spurge is native to India and Sri Lanka. Traditionally, it has been used in folk medicine to treat various ailments including skin diseases, fever and respiratory problems. In this study, the phytochemical composition of the leaf and root extracts of the samples were evaluated using four different solvent extracts: aqueous, methanol, ethanol, petroleum ether. The results revealed that the methanol extract of the roots of both the samples exhibited a higher diversity of phytochemical compounds compared to the leaves of the plants. The study highlights the potential of C. variegatum and E. tortilis as a rich source of bioactive compounds with potential medicinal applications.
Reduction of Formaldehyde Emission and Bonding Performance of Plywood Using Poplar Bark Extractive as a Bio-Based Scavenger
In the increasingly regulated environment where demand for natural and sustainable materials is high, this research explores the potential of forestry's by- product poplar-bark extractives as an environment-friendly, bio-based formaldehyde scavenger for plywood manufacturing. In the present study, bark extracts of poplar were collected, dried, and processed using an aqueous methanol extraction technique that was optimized for extreme extraction of poly phenolic constituents in poplar bark. The extract produced was subsequently incorporated into UF resins at different levels of concentration starting from 0.5 to 5% on the basis of resin weight. The different properties of adhesive and ply board like viscosity, gel time, bonding strength, and formaldehyde emission was carried. The experimental results highlighted the significance of the poplar bark extract for final product environmental performance and mechanical properties. Among the different formulations tested, the 5% concentration of bark extractives was determined to have given the best balance between the lower formaldehyde emission which was diminished by around 42% from that of the controlled UF adhesive and some achievable bonding performance with acceptable glue shear strength. Lower concentrations provided a moderate degree of reduced emission, while higher concentrations affected bond formation and efficiency. In general, the research on poplar bark extractives finalized a promising eco- friendly and cost-effective alternative to reduce formaldehyde emissions in UF- bonded plywood .
Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems in Lung Cancer: Advances, Clinical Translation, and Emerging Targeting Strategies
Lung cancer remains to be a major contributor to cancer–related deaths across the globe, primarily due to late-stage diagnosis, tumour heterogeneity, metastasis, and the systemic toxicity associated with conventional therapies such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems (NDDS) have emerged due to rising to elevate the treatment efficiency while lessen the adverse effects. A wide range of nano carrier system such as polymeric nano particles, liposomes, dendrimers, solid lipid nano particles inorganic nano particles and metal based platforms, have been widely explored for the treatment of lung cancer. These Nano systems improve drug solubility, enable controlled and sustained release, prolong systemic circulation, and enhance the drug’s preferential accumulates in the tumur through passive targeting such as the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, as well as active ligand-mediated targeting strategies. Additionally, advancements in surface engineering, inhalable nano formulations, and Thera-ostics platforms have further expanded the clinical potential of nanomedicine in lung oncology. Despite encouraging preclinical outcomes and the approval of selected Nano formulations, clinical translation remains limited due to biological barriers, immune clearance, Tumur microenvironment complexity, manufacturing challenges, and regulatory constraints. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems for lung cancer, highlighting their design principles, therapeutic advantages, existing clinical applications, and translational challenges, while outlining future perspectives for precision nanomedicine in pulmonary oncology.
Exploring the Parallels between Kaphaja Yonivyapad and Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (Candida albicans): A Conceptual Review
Background: Vaginal infections are among the most prevalent gynecological disorders affecting women of reproductive age worldwide. In Ayurveda, diseases of the female reproductive system are described under Yonivyapad, among which presents with characteristic clinical features. In modern gynecology, Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) caused by Candida albicans is a common condition with significant morbidity. Aim: To critically analyze as described in classical Ayurvedic literature and explore its clinical correlation with Vulvovaginal candidiasis from a contemporary medical perspective. Materials and Methods: This conceptual review analyzed classical Ayurvedic texts including Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya, Madhava Nidana, Bhavaprakasha, Yogaratnakara, and their commentaries. Modern medical literature was systematically searched in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and DHARA for articles published from January 2000 to December 2024 using keywords: "Kaphaja Yonivyapad," "Yonivyapad," "Vulvovaginal Candidiasis," "Candida albicans," "vaginal discharge," and "pruritus." Comparative analysis was conducted by mapping Ayurvedic concepts with modern pathophysiological understanding. Results: Classical texts consistently describe with picchila srava (thick mucoid discharge), pandu varna srava (whitish discharge), kandu (itching), shitalata (cold sensation), and alpavedana (mild pain). VVC presents with thick curdy white discharge and intense pruritus. Comparative analysis revealed significant overlap in 8 clinical parameters including discharge character (100% concordance), itching (100% concordance), and recurrence patterns. Predisposing factors showed 75% concordance between the two systems, including dietary factors, sedentary lifestyle, metabolic disorders, and hygiene practices. Conclusion: Kaphaja Yonivyapad and Vulvovaginal Candidiasis exhibit significant clinical and pathophysiological parallels. An integrative approach combining Ayurvedic principles of Kapha shamana and kleda reduction with contemporary antifungal management may enhance therapeutic outcomes and reduce recurrence. Clinical validation through prospective studies is warranted.
"Assessment of mandibular buccal shelf dimension in different vertical facial growth pattern and its clinical implication for buccal shelf bone screw insertion - a cross-sectional study"
Background: The mandibular buccal shelf (MBS) has emerged as a reliable extra-alveolar site for orthodontic skeletal anchorage. However, anatomical variations influenced by facial growth patterns may affect the quantity of available bone and the stability of bone screws. Objective: To evaluate MBS dimensions in individuals with different vertical facial growth patterns and identify the most favourable site for bone screw insertion using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional CBCT study was conducted on 90 subjects aged 18–30 years, divided equally into three groups according to facial growth pattern: average, horizontal, and vertical growers. CBCT scans were analyzed using CS 3D imaging software. Transverse buccal cortical bone thickness was measured at 6 mm and 11 mm apical to the cementoenamel junction (CEJ), while vertical bone dimensions were assessed at 4 mm and 5 mm apical to the CEJ from the mesial aspect of the mandibular first molar to the distal aspect of the second molar. Statistical analysis included ANOVA, Tukey’s post hoc test, paired t-test, and independent t-test, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Mandibular buccal shelf dimensions varied significantly among facial growth patterns (p < 0.001). Horizontal growers exhibited the greatest overall MBS dimensions (8.98 ± 2.00 mm), followed by average growers (6.92 ± 2.04 mm), while vertical growers demonstrated the least bone availability (5.06 ± 2.14 mm). Males showed significantly greater composite MBS dimensions than females (7.67 ± 2.88 mm vs. 6.30 ± 2.09 mm; p = 0.039). No significant differences were observed between right and left sides, indicating bilateral symmetry. Both transverse and vertical dimensions increased progressively in the posterior direction, with the greatest measurements recorded at the distal aspect of the mandibular second molar, particularly at the 11 mm level from the CEJ. Conclusion: Mandibular buccal shelf dimensions are significantly influenced by facial growth pattern and gender. Horizontal growers possess the most favourable bone characteristics for skeletal anchorage, whereas vertical growers exhibit comparatively reduced bone availability. The distal aspect of the mandibular second molar represents the most suitable site for MBS bone screw insertion across all facial growth patterns. CBCT-based evaluation is recommended for individualized treatment planning and optimal selection of insertion sites and screw dimensions.
Formulation and Evaluation of Immediate-Release Multiparticulate Pellets of Fenofibrate by Wurster Fluidized-Bed Coating for Dissolution Enhancement
This study focused on the development and evaluation of immediate-release multiparticulate pellets of fenofibrate using Wurster-based fluidized-bed coating to enhance the dissolution and oral performance of this poorly water-soluble BCS Class II drug. Fenofibrate exhibits dissolution-rate-limited absorption; therefore, pelletization was employed to improve surface area, wettability, and drug dispersion. Pre-formulation studies confirmed poor solubility and sub-optimal flow characteristics, supporting the need for dissolution-enhancing strategies. FT-IR analysis indicated the absence of drug–excipient incompatibilities. Immediate-release pellet formulations (F1–F4) were prepared via solution/suspension layering onto MCC cores, and process parameters were optimized to achieve uniform coating and reproducible pellet characteristics. All formulations demonstrated acceptable micromeritic behavior, uniform drug content, satisfactory mechanical strength, and good flow properties. Among these, formulation F2 exhibited superior performance, with improved flow, low friability, optimal hardness, enhanced wettability, and rapid drug release. Dissolution studies revealed fast and complete release within 30 minutes, with F2 showing the highest dissolution rate. Accelerated stability studies confirmed the robustness of the optimized formulation with no significant changes in drug content or dissolution profile. The findings establish fluidized-bed pelletization as an effective and industrially viable strategy for enhancing the dissolution characteristics and potential therapeutic performance of fenofibrate and similar poorly soluble BCS Class II drugs.
Artificial Intelligence in Digital Marketing: Opportunities and Challenges
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a transformative technology in digital marketing, enabling organizations to improve customer engagement, automate marketing activities, and enhance decision-making processes. AI technologies such as machine learning, predictive analytics, chatbots, and recommendation systems have revolutionized how businesses interact with consumers. Through data-driven insights and personalized communication, AI helps marketers increase efficiency and improve customer experiences. Despite these advantages, AI implementation presents several challenges, including data privacy concerns, ethical issues, algorithmic bias, and high implementation costs. This review article examines the major applications of AI in digital marketing, highlighting its opportunities and challenges. The study concludes that AI offers substantial benefits for businesses; however, responsible implementation is necessary to address technological and ethical concerns.
A Quasi-Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of a Structured Awareness Programme on Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Organ Donation Among Adults in a Selected Community Area of Gurugram, Haryana
Introduction : Organ donation is a critical public health intervention that has the potential to save thousands of lives each year. Advancements in medical science have made organ transplantation a feasible and often essential treatment for end-stage organ failure. Despite these medical advancements, the availability of organs remains far below the global and national demand. This shortfall creates a persistent gap between those requiring transplantation and the number of organs available, resulting in significant morbidity, mortality, and decreased quality of life for patients awaiting transplantation. Material & Methods: The present study adopted a quasi-experimental, two-group pre-test post-test design to assess the effectiveness of a structured awareness programme on knowledge and Attitude regarding organ donation among adults in selected villages of Gurugram, Haryana. A total of 100 adults were selected using a non-probability purposive sampling technique. Data were collected using a self-structured questionnaire and Likert-based attitude scale to assess knowledge and Attitude levels. The study tool was validated by experts and found reliable through test-retest method. Data analysis was planned using descriptive and inferential statistics, including frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, chi-square test, and t-test. Ethical principles, informed consent, and confidentiality were strictly maintained throughout the study. Result: The findings of the study revealed that in the pretest, a majority of adults had inadequate knowledge and unfavourable Attitude regarding organ donation, with 44% showing poor knowledge and 42% exhibiting negative Attitude. The mean pretest knowledge score was 11.20 ± 3.85 and the mean Attitude score was 26.40 ± 5.60, indicating low baseline awareness and attitude. In contrast, the posttest results demonstrated a marked improvement, with 70% of participants attaining good knowledge and 70% showing positive Attitude after the structured awareness programme. The mean posttest knowledge score increased to 19.30 ± 3.10, while the mean Attitude score rose to 39.10 ± 4.80. The intervention was found to be highly effective, with statistically significant improvements in both knowledge and Attitude (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The study concluded that the structured awareness programme on organ donation was highly effective in improving the knowledge and Attitude of adults in selected villages of Gurugram, Haryana. After the intervention, a clear shift was observed from poor to good knowledge and from negative to positive Attitude regarding organ donation. The majority of participants demonstrated good knowledge and showed positive Attitude in the posttest. There was a marked improvement in both knowledge and Attitude scores following the intervention, which was statistically highly significant. The study also found significant associations between posttest knowledge and selected demographic variables such as age, education, and access to information sources.
A Descriptive Study to Assess the Risk of Stroke among Individuals with Hypertension and Diabetes in the General Population of Haryana
Background: Stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus are major modifiable risk factors that significantly increase the likelihood of stroke. Early identification of stroke risk among high-risk individuals can aid in timely preventive interventions and improve health outcomes. Objectives: To determine the level of stroke risk among individuals with hypertension and diabetes. To determine the association between socio-demographic characteristics and the level of stroke risk among individuals with hypertension and diabetes in the general population of Haryana. Methods: A quantitative research approach with a descriptive research design was adopted for the study. A total of 58 individuals diagnosed with hypertension and diabetes were selected using a non-probability convenience sampling technique from the general population of Haryana. Data were collected using a structured socio- demographic questionnaire and the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). Descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentage were used for data analysis. Results: The findings revealed that out of 58 participants, 37 (63.8%) had no stroke symptoms (NIHSS score = 0), 15 (25.9%) had minor stroke (NIHSS score 1–4), and 6 (10.3%) had moderate stroke (NIHSS score 5–15). None of the participants were found in the moderate-to-severe stroke (NIHSS score 16–20) or severe stroke (NIHSS score 21–42) categories. The results indicate that while the majority of participants did not exhibit stroke symptoms, a considerable proportion demonstrated mild to moderate stroke risk. Conclusion: The study concludes that individuals with hypertension and diabetes remain vulnerable to stroke and require regular screening, monitoring, and health education to reduce stroke-related morbidity and mortality. Early identification of risk factors and implementation of preventive strategies can contribute significantly to stroke prevention in the community.
Effectiveness of Small Group Interactive Teaching in Physiology for Enhancing Clinical Application among Medical Students: Small Group Interactive Teaching in Physiology
Background: A gap often exists between the learning of Physiology and its application in clinical practice among undergraduate medical students. Small Group Interactive Sessions (SGIS) have been proposed as an active learning strategy to enhance understanding, clinical reasoning, and application of physiological concepts. This study evaluated the effectiveness of SGIS in improving clinical application skills among final MBBS students. Materials and Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted among 60 final MBBS students posted in the Department of General Medicine at SVMCH&RC. Participants underwent faculty- facilitated SGIS focusing on clinically relevant Physiology topics through case-based discussions, clinical scenario-based questions, peer interaction, and feedback. A 40-item MCQ-based pre-test and post-test were administered to assess knowledge and clinical application. Student perceptions were collected using a validated 5-point Likert scale questionnaire, and qualitative feedback was analyzed using thematic analysis. Quantitative data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test. Results: The mean pre-test score was 23.01 ± 2.38, which increased significantly to 33.76 ± 2.28 following the intervention, with a mean improvement of 10.75 points. Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test demonstrated a highly significant difference between pre-test and post-test scores (Z = +6.785, p < 0.001). Qualitative analysis revealed five major themes: reinforcement of foundational concepts, improved clinical correlation, active engagement, enhanced confidence and preparedness for clinical postings, and strong student support for continuation of SGIS. Students perceived SGIS as interactive, effective, and beneficial for applying physiological concepts to clinical scenarios. Conclusion: SGIS is an effective educational strategy for enhancing clinical application of Physiology among final MBBS students. It improves knowledge, engagement, confidence, and preparedness for clinical practice while bridging the gap between basic science learning and clinical application.
Study on the Correlation between the First Trimester Crown-Rump Length with Birth Weight
Background: Fetal growth must be accurately monitored since aberrations raise the risk of low birth weight (LBW), small for gestational age (SGA), and poor postpartum outcomes. The most accurate indicator of gestational age and a good indicator of early growth trajectories is crown-rump length (CRL), which is measured during the first trimester. Research indicates that while percentile-based analysis enhances risk categorization, CRL below the 10th percentile predicts LBW, SGA, premature birth, and NICU admission. Maternal age also affects fetal growth, although it's not known how it affects the association between CRL and birth weight. The necessity for prospective studies to confirm CRL as an early marker and improve prenatal surveillance is highlighted by the paucity of population- specific data from India.
DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A FUNCTIONAL FOOD PRODUCT INCORPORATED WITH PANDANUS AMARYLLIFOLIUS LEAF POWDER
The growing demand for functional foods has encouraged the incorporation of plant-based ingredients with health-promoting properties into conventional food products. Pandanus amaryllifoliusleaf powder is a rich source of bioactive compounds, including phenolics, flavonoids, vitamins, minerals, and natural antioxidants, making it a promising functional ingredient. The present study was aimed to develop and characterize functional food products incorporated with Pandanus amaryllifolius leaf powder and to evaluate their nutritional and quality attributes. Five value-added food products, namely rose milk, milkshake, brownie, samosa, and cutlet, were formulated by incorporating different levels of Pandanus amaryllifolius leaf powder. The formulations were standardized based on sensory acceptability. The optimized products were evaluated for physicochemical characteristics, proximate composition, mineral content, antioxidant activity, and sensory attributes using standard analytical methods. The results indicated that Pandanus amaryllifolius leaf powder can be successfully incorporated into both dairy- and cereal-based food products to develop nutritious and functional foods.
Effectiveness of low to moderate intensity aerobic exercises along with Jacobson’s relaxation on quality of life and physical performance in chronic kidney disease patient with frailty: Randomized controlled trial
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) with frailty is associated with reduced physical performance and poor quality of life (QOL). This study evaluated the effectiveness of low-to-moderate intensity aerobic exercise combined with Jacobson's Progressive Muscle Relaxation (JPMR) in patients with CKD and frailty. Methods: 40 clinically diagnosed CKD patients with frailty were randomly allocated into two groups (n=20 each). Group A received aerobic exercise with JPMR, while Group B received aerobic exercise alone, three times weekly for 12 weeks. QOL was assessed using the Kidney Disease Quality of Life-36 (KDQOL-36) questionnaire, and physical performance was assessed using estimated VO₂max. Results: Both groups showed significant improvements after the intervention (p<0.05). However, Group A demonstrated significantly greater improvements in QOL (50.55 ± 4.00 vs. 44.35 ± 2.75) and VO₂max (26.60 ± 2.90 vs. 22.50 ± 2.72) than Group B. Conclusion: Aerobic exercise combined with JPMR is more effective than aerobic exercise alone in improving physical performance and QOL in frail CKD patients.
Documentation of Weed species from Sakti District, Chhattisgarh, India
The present study investigates the diversity and distribution of weed flora in the agricultural and nonagricultural landscapes of Sakti district, Chhattisgarh, India. Systematic field surveys were conducted across various locations representing both irrigated lowland and rainfed upland farming systems during 2023–2024. Quadrat sampling and monthly observations were employed to document seasonal variations and species composition. A total of 72 weed species belonging to multiple families were recorded, indicating rich floristic diversity in the study area. Dominant families included Asteraceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, Amaranthaceae, and Cyperaceae, reflecting their high adaptability, reproductive efficiency, and ecological amplitude. The study highlights that weeds exhibit significant variation in distribution due to differences in soil moisture, cropping patterns, and anthropogenic disturbances. Several invasive and noxious species such as Parthenium hysterophorus, Chromolaena odorata, Lantana camara, Cyperus rotundus, and Cynodon dactylon were found to be widely distributed, posing serious threats to crop productivity and native biodiversity. In addition to their negative impacts, many weed species were found to possess medicinal properties, indicating their potential ethnobotanical importance. The findings emphasize that understanding weed diversity is crucial for developing effective and sustainable weed management strategies. Proper identification, monitoring, and ecological assessment of weeds can help minimize crop losses and enhance agricultural productivity while conserving biodiversity. This study provides baseline data for future ecological and agronomic research in the region.
Assessing Hormonal Risk Factors in Cervical Cancer: A Clinical Perspective
Background: Cervical cancer is a major global health concern, and hormonal elements are increasingly being recognized as potential risk factors. This study sought to assess the clinical link between hormonal interventions—such as oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), intrauterine devices (IUDs), and hormonal injections—and cervical health outcomes, including Pap smear abnormalities, infection history, and cervical monitoring practices. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on 350 women aged 30 to 65 years who visited outpatient gynecological clinics in tertiary healthcare facilities. Focusing on reproductive history, hormone medication use, lifestyle variables, and cervical screening results, structured questionnaires and retrospective record reviews gathered data. Using SPSS version 25.0, statistical analysis was conducted; chi-square tests were used to assess correlations between cervical anomalies and hormonal variables. Statistically significant was a p-value under 0.05. Results: Most of the participants were between 46 and 55 years old (28.9%). More than half said they used HRT (53.1%), hormonal injections or implants (49.4%), and IUDs (51.4%). Among HRT users, almost equal percentages said they used it for less than one year, 1–5 years, and more than five years. While 50.9% said they were not tracked for cervical alterations following HRT, 44.3% of patients reported pap smear abnormalities during or after HRT. Especially 46.3% had recorded illnesses that could affect hormonal effects. Common as well were high-fat, low-fiber diets and alcohol use, which could interact with cervical and hormonal effects. Conclusion: This study found a high prevalence of Pap smear abnormalities and poor cervical monitoring among women using hormonal treatments. Especially in the context of other risk factors like poor nutrition, alcohol use, and recorded infections, the results underline the necessity for regular cervical screening and focused education for women using HRT or other hormone treatments.
"Homo- and Heterografting Effects on Compatibility and Growth in Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus spp.)"
This two-year study (2024–26) at ANDUAT, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, evaluated homografting and heterografting effects on graft compatibility and vegetative growth of Dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.) under subtropical nursery conditions. Six combinations—HeteroRS, HeteroRH, HomoR, HeteroWS, HeteroWH, and HomoW—involving red- and white-fleshed scions grafted onto Acanthocereus tetragonus, Cereus jamacaru, and homologous rootstocks were assessed up to 90 days after grafting (DAG). Results showed HeteroRS and HeteroWS exhibited the fastest bud swelling (35.27 and 36.17 days) and highest graft success rates (89.17% and 87.33%), demonstrating strong compatibility with A. tetragonus. In contrast, HeteroRH and HeteroWH took nearly 60 days for bud swelling, reflecting slower vascular union with C. jamacaru, while homografts fell in between. By 90 DAG, HeteroRS and HeteroWS recorded the tallest shoots (190.80 and 188.60 cm), whereas HeteroRH and HeteroWH produced the greatest graft girth (up to 65.28 mm). Homografts consistently underperformed in shoot height and girth despite genetic similarity between scion and rootstock. Correlation analysis revealed bud-swelling duration was strongly negatively associated with graft success (r = −0.93**) and positively linked to lateral shoot number (r = 0.91*). PCA identified two components explaining 99.48% of variance, and cluster analysis grouped treatments by rootstock identity. Overall, heterografting outperformed homografting, with HeteroRS/HeteroWS ideal for rapid establishment and HeteroRH/HeteroWH better suited for structural vigor offering practical guidance for commercial dragon fruit propagation.
Adaptive Whale Optimized Neural Intelligence for Cyber Attack Detection in Industrial IOT Environments
Important cyber-physical systems now have a much larger attack surface due to the rapid growth of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) infrastructures, making them vulnerable to sophisticated and constantly changing cyberthreats. High-dimensional traffic data, class imbalance, and changing attack patterns that are typical of IIoT contexts are common problems for traditional intrusion detection systems (IDS). To address these issues, this research presents an Adaptive Whale-Optimized Neural Intelligence (AWONI) model designed to identify cyberattacks in IIoT networks with accuracy and efficiency The Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) and an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) are used in the proposed technique to enable intelligent feature selection and optimize classification. While the ANN classifier successfully models complicated non-linear connections for multi-class attack detection, WOA is used to discover the most important characteristics within large-scale IIoT traffic data, reducing dimensionality and boosting leaming efficiency. The CIC-IIoT-2025 dataset, which includes a range of real-world industrial attack situations and typical traffic patterns, is used to evaluate the architecture. According to experimental data, the proposed model outperforms conventional machine learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) techniques and non-optimized neural approaches in terms of detection accuracy, false alarm rates, and computing efficiency. To promote the development of robust and intelligent industrial cybersecurity solutions, the suggested framework's adaptive, nature-inspired architecture makes it ideal for implementation in real-time and resource-constrained IIoT security situations.
An exploratory study to assess the Selfcare Coping Strategies among patients undergoing Hemodialysis in a Tertiary Care Centre at Puducherry
Background: Kidney disease can affect body’s ability to clean blood, filter extra water out of blood, control blood pressure. It can also affect red blood cell production and vitamin D metabolism needed for bone health, increases risk of heart disease and stroke. Another major complication include metabolic acidosis. Without treatment, the damage can get worse and kidneys may eventually stop working. If left untreated, CKD may lead to kidney failure. This stage is called as an end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Aim: The main aim of the study is to explore the selfcare coping strategies employed by patients undergoing hemodialysis at SVMCH&RC. Methodology: A qualitative approach using phenomenological design was utilized in this study. A total of 10 patients with ESRD undergoing hemodialysis were selected by using convenience sampling technique in a tertiary care centre at Puducherry. In- depth interview process was utilized for data collection through unstructured questionnaires. Interviews were audio-recorded and verbatim were transcribed. Colaizzi’s phenomenological analysis method was chosen to interpret the phenomenon under this study. Results: The phenomenological data analysis process transformed the set of 10 hemodialysis patients transcripts into significant meaning statements and thematic clusters. Six themes and 20 sub-themes were identified on the patients undergoing hemodialysis such as physical health which included reduced functional abilities and increased tiredness and the patients had overcome the problems through selfcare coping strategies such as seeking help from others, avoiding to go out and bed rest for comfort, the second theme was psychological health which included mood instability and the patients had overcome the problems through spending more time family members and uses some distraction techniques, the third theme was social health which included social functioning and the patients had overcome the problems through seeking support, the fourth theme was spiritual pattern which included spiritual disconnection and patients had overcome these problems through prayer and meditation, the fifth theme was self-esteem pattern which included feelings of worthlessness and impact of physical appearance and the patients had overcome the problems through focusing on abilities, the sixth theme was support group which included emotional and physical strain on loved ones, financial burden, need for comprehensive support and the patients had overcome the problems through open communication and joining support groups. Conclusion: The findings of the present study revealed that the patients undergoing hemodialysis faced many problems to copeup with them. The most prevalent problems faced by the patients undergoing hemodialysis were increased fatigue which reduces their functional ability also mood instability and need for comprehensive support. Majority of the patients used to overcome their problems by using selfcare strategies such as bed rest to avoiding go for out also spending leisure time with their family members and seeking help from others. These findings also indicate the important role for the staff nurse to motivate the patients by creating awareness through provision of information booklet regarding selfcare coping strategies of patients undergoing hemodialysis.
STUDIES ON THE PISTIA STRATIOTES REDUCTION OF ACUTE TOXICITY OF MALATHION ON GROWTH, PROXIMATE COMPOSITION AND NUCLEIC ACID IN FRESH WATER FISH LABEO ROHITA.
This study investigated the protective effect of Pistia stratiotes supplemented diets on growth performance and biochemical constituents of malathion exposed Labeo rohita. Healthy fish were acclimatized under laboratory conditions and fed diets containing different levels of P.stratiotes. Growth, feed utilization, proximate composition, and nucleic acid contents were evaluated. Malathion exposure significantly reduced growth, feed intake, tissue protein, lipid, energy, ash, DNA, and RNA contents. However, dietary supplementation with P.stratiotes, particularly at 30% inclusion, significantly (P < 0.01) improved body weight, body length, weight gain, feed utilization, tissue protein, lipid, energy, ash, and nucleic acid contents compared with malathion-treated fish. Two-way ANOVA revealed that dietary P. stratiotes levels significantly influenced most growth and biochemical parameters (P < 0.01). The results demonstrate that 30% P.stratiotes supplementation effectively mitigates malathion induced toxicity and enhances growth performance and nutritional status in L. rohita, suggesting its potential as a natural feed additive in freshwater aquaculture.
MICROWAVE ABETTED OPERATIONAL AND ENHANCED SYNTHESIS OF -1,3- THIAZOLIDINE-4-ONE EXPRESSING ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY
An efficient, one pot and facile protocol was developed for the series of 2-benzylidene hydrazinyl-1,3-thiazol-4-(5H)-ones through single pot two stage sequence. Substituted aromatic aldehydes, thiosemicarbazone, and α-haloesters reacted together in presence of catalytic iodine to afford new derivatives of thiozolidinones. The strategy works under mild circumstances and desired products obtained were pure enough without the need of chromatographic separation. A library of 1,3-thiazolidine-4-one’s so prepared were tested for their potential regarding antimicrobial activity opposed to S. aureus, E. coli, B. subtilis, as well as single strain of fungal, Candida albicans. Among different strains studied, compounds, 3b and 3k found to be potent selectively against Staphylococcus aureus while compounds, 3d and 3e have shown good activity selectively against Bacillus subtilis.
Basic Life Support (BLS) Training Among Senior Secondary Students: A Narrative Review
Introduction: Basic Life Support (BLS) is a crucial emergency intervention that significantly improves survival in cases of cardiac arrest and other life-threatening conditions. Training laypersons, especially senior secondary students, is an effective strategy to enhance early response, as they possess the cognitive and physical ability to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and can act as potential first responders in community settings. Material & Methods: A narrative review was conducted using electronic databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and ResearchGate. Relevant studies published in English over the past 10–15 years were included. The review focused on senior secondary students (14–18 years) and evaluated knowledge, skills, attitudes, and retention related to BLS training. Data were synthesized qualitatively due to heterogeneity in study designs and outcome measures. Result: Baseline knowledge of BLS among students was low, generally ranging between 10–30%. Following training, knowledge and skill levels improved significantly to approximately 80–90% (p < 0.001). Confidence and willingness to perform CPR also increased markedly. However, skill retention declined over time, with a reduction of about 20–30% observed within 3 to 6 months. Simulation-based and instructor-led training methods demonstrated the highest effectiveness and retention compared to other approaches. Conclusion: BLS training among senior secondary students is highly effective in improving knowledge, skills, and attitudes toward emergency care. However, regular refresher training is essential to maintain long-term competency. Integrating BLS training into school curricula can play a vital role in improving community response to emergencies and increasing survival rates.
Sun-Treated Oyster Mushroom Powder as a Vitamin D Fortificant: Effect of Baking on Vitamin D Retention in Cookies
This study evaluated sun-treated oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) powder as a vegetarian source of vitamin D fortification and assessed the effect of baking on vitamin D retention in cookies. Fresh mushrooms were cleaned, cut to a uniform size, sun-dried, converted to powder, incorporated at 10% into a cookie formulation, and baked at 180 °C for 10 min. Vitamin D was quantified by HPLC in untreated mushroom powder, solar-dried mushroom powder, and the baked cookies. The reported vitamin D content increased from 7.73 μg/g in untreated powder to 45.21 μg/g in solar-dried powder, confirming the enhancement associated with sunlight exposure. Cookies prepared with 10% solar-dried mushroom powder contained 5.6 μg/g vitamin D, with a reported retention of 90.20% after baking. These data indicate that solar-dried oyster mushroom powder can be used as a low-cost, vegetarian fortification ingredient for baked products, while retaining most of the measured vitamin D under the baking conditions used in this study.
Genetic Variability, Trait Associations, and Principal Component Analysis for Agronomic and Antinutritional Traits in a Diverse Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Genotypes
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) has emerged as a climate-resilient and nutritionally superior pseudocereal with immense potential to contribute towards global food and nutritional security. However, the efficient utilization of quinoa germplasm in breeding programmes requires a comprehensive understanding of the extent of genetic variability and the interrelationships among agronomic and grain quality traits. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate 150 quinoa genotypes for six economically important traits, namely days to 50% flowering, plant height, inflorescence length, yield per plant, seed weight (10 mL), and saponin content. Descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, genetic parameters, correlation analysis, and principal component analysis were employed to characterize the germplasm and identify traits useful for selection. Significant differences (P < 0.01) were observed among genotypes for all studied traits, indicating the presence of substantial genetic variability. High broad-sense heritability coupled with moderate to high genetic advance was recorded for yield per plant, seed weight, inflorescence length, and saponin content, suggesting the predominance of additive gene action and the effectiveness of direct phenotypic selection. Correlation analysis revealed a strong positive association between yield per plant and seed weight, indicating that improvement in seed weight is likely to enhance grain yield. Principal component analysis showed that the first two principal components explained 54.60% of the total phenotypic variation, demonstrating that a limited number of components effectively captured the genetic diversity present among the evaluated genotypes. The combined results confirmed the existence of considerable phenotypic diversity within the studied germplasm and identified economically important traits for selection. The evaluated quinoa accessions therefore constitute valuable genetic resources for the development of high-yielding, superior- quality cultivars and provide a strong foundation for future quinoa improvement programmes.
From Awareness to Adoption: Prevalence and Determinants of Ayushman Bharat Health Account (ABHA) Adoption among Adults in a Community- Based Study from South India
Background: Electronic health records (EHRs) have altered healthcare by allowing for longitudinal tracking of patient data, improved treatment coordination, and increased community health surveillance. On September 27, 2021, India launched the Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM), one of the most ambitious national digital health initiatives in low- and middle-income nations, in response to this worldwide issue. With the introduction of Ayushman Bharat Health Account (ABHA) IDs under ABDM, more than 42 crore health records were linked, and more than 1.3 lakh healthcare facilities—including 17,000 private institutions—were integrated into a single digital framework. Despite this significant growth, there is still little published data on population-level awareness and actual use of ABHA, and acceptance varies by location. Puducherry, a Union Territory in southern India, provides a unique backdrop for ABDM implementation due to its hybrid public-private healthcare system, linguistic diversity, and varying digital literacy. Strategies for expanding ABDM throughout peninsular India can be informed by knowledge of awareness and acceptance trends in such semi-urban and peri-urban environments. The purpose of this study was to investigate independent predictors of ABHA adoption, identify characteristics related to awareness, and evaluate the prevalence of ABHA awareness and use among adults in Puducherry. Materials and Methods: Adults over the age of eighteen who had lived in specific Puducherry regions for at least six months participated in a community-based analytical cross-sectional survey. To find participants, systematic random sampling was used. A pretested, semi-structured, interviewer- administered questionnaire created following a thorough literature review was used to gather data. Digital health indicators, health behaviors, and sociodemographic traits were among the variables. Using multivariable logistic regression to find independent predictors, statistical analysis examined relationships between awareness/adoption and explanatory factors. Results: Among the 336 adults, 32.7% were aware of ABHA, and 20.8% had an ABHA ID. Awareness was considerably greater among ABHA ID holders (92.9% vs. 16.9%) and those with health insurance (50.7% vs. 28.0%). Adoption was significantly correlated with insurance coverage (36.0% vs. 16.3%), awareness (59.1% vs. 2.2%), and depression level (31.0% vs. 17.3%). The biggest predictor of adoption, according to multivariable analysis, is awareness (AOR = 114.1; p < 0.001). Adoption was influenced by educational achievement; individuals with intermediate/diploma (AOR = 10.20), middle school (AOR = 9.07), and illiterate participants (AOR = 5.73) had greater odds than graduates. Adoption was higher in socioeconomic Class II (the largest group, 27.1%) and Class III (AOR = 5.15) than in Class I. Gender, age, and occupation did not show any independent significance. Conclusion: According to this survey, just one-fifth of people in Puducherry had adopted ABHA, despite the fact that one-third was aware of it. This indicates a glaring disparity between awareness and utilization. The biggest independent predictor of adoption was awareness and those in middle socioeconomic classes and with less education had higher probabilities, indicating that ABDM outreach is effective with vulnerable populations. Adoption and awareness were aided by health insurance, but after adjustment, its importance diminished. These results emphasize the necessity of region-specific tactics, focused awareness campaigns, and digital literacy initiatives to increase ABHA uptake. ABDM's objective of universal digital health integration can be accelerated by addressing contextual constraints in semi-urban and peri-urban communities. Puducherry provides insightful information for scaling equitable adoption across various Indian contexts.
Formulation and optimization of budesonide-loaded dry emulsion for colon targeted drug delivery
Budesonide is an effective glucocorticoid used in the management of inflammatory bowel disease; however, its clinical performance is restricted by extensive first-pass metabolism and low systemic bioavailability. To address these challenges, a colon-targeted dry emulsion system was successfully developed using a lipid-based oil-in-water emulsion that was converted into a free-flowing dry powder with suitable carriers. This formulation approach improved stability, ease of handling, storage, and reconstitution characteristics. Pre-formulation investigations, including solubility and drug- excipient compatibility studies, confirmed the compatibility of the selected ingredients. Formulations F1- F10 showed progressive enhancement in physicochemical properties with increasing concentrations of oil, surfactant, and polymer. Particle size was reduced from 320 nm to 195 nm, while PDI values decreased from 0.45 to 0.20 and zeta potential increased from −18 mV to −40 mV, indicating improved stability and particle uniformity. Drug content ranged between 92% and 99%, whereas entrapment efficiency increased from 70% to 93%. Drug release improved from 65% to 90%, demonstrating efficient colon-targeted release. Flow properties were also enhanced, as indicated by the reduction in angle of repose from 34.5° to 24.5°. SEM analysis revealed smooth, spherical, and uniformly distributed particles in optimized formulations. Stability studies demonstrated only minor changes after storage, with optimized batch F10 maintaining excellent stability. These findings suggest that the developed dry emulsion system is a promising strategy for effective colon-targeted delivery of Budesonide.
Evaluation of Humic Acid and Naphthalene Acetic Acid for Improving Growth and Morphological Characteristics of Green Gram (Vigna radiata L.)
Green gram (Vigna radiata L.) is a widely cultivated grain legume recognized for its high nutritional value and its role in maintaining soil fertility and agricultural sustainability. A field experiment was undertaken to investigate the effects of humic acid (HA), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), and their combined applications on the growth characteristics of green gram. The study was conducted using a Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting of sixteen treatment combinations, including a control, with three replications. Morphological parameters such as plant height, number of branches per plant, and dry matter accumulation were assessed at the harvest stage. The findings indicated that the application of HA and NAA significantly enhanced plant growth compared with the untreated control. The greatest plant height (55.00 cm) was obtained under treatments T3 and T7, while the control treatment recorded the minimum height (42.00 cm). Branch production also responded positively to the treatments, with T7 producing the highest number of branches (10.00 branches plant⁻¹), whereas the control exhibited only 6.00 branches plant⁻¹. Treatments T3, T6, T8, T9, T12, and T13 also showed superior branching performance with 9.00 branches plant⁻¹. A similar trend was observed for dry matter production, where T3, T7, T9, and T13 recorded the highest dry weight (10.00 g plant⁻¹), compared with 7.00 g plant⁻¹ in the control. The improvement in growth parameters can be associated with enhanced nutrient availability, stimulation of physiological activities, increased photosynthetic efficiency, and greater biomass production resulting from the application of HA and NAA. The results clearly demonstrate that humic acid and naphthalene acetic acid, applied either alone or in combination, contribute substantially to the improvement of vegetative growth and dry matter accumulation in green gram. Among the treatments evaluated, T7, T3, and T13 consistently exhibited superior performance, suggesting their suitability for promoting growth and enhancing productivity of green gram under field conditions.