The Bioscan (ISSN: 0973-7049(P)), an International Quarterly Journal of Life Sciences with an international editorial board, aims to publish original peer-reviewed/refereed research papers on all aspects of life sciences and is published as an official organ by the National Environmentalists Association, India. The journal is a print version, but online first, and all the papers can be downloaded free of charge. The journal strictly follows its publication ethics and instructions to contributors. Editor-In-Chief: Dr. M.P. Sinha Title proper: The Bioscan ISSN: 0973-7049(P) Subject: Applied Sciences, Medicine, Life Sciences, Biology Publisher: National Environmentalists Association Publisher URL: https://www.neaindia.org/ Dates of publication: 2006 Frequency: Quarterly Language: English Country: India Format of Publication: Print and Online Indexed by: Clarivate Analytics, Web Of Science Impact Factor: 6.195 Indexed by NLM: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/?term=0973-7049 Title DOI of the Journal: https://doi.org/10.63001/tbs
IMPACT OF HIGH-INTENSITY INTERVAL TRAINING WITH ADJUNCT RELAXATION THERAPY ON METABOLIC PARAMETERS, STRESS LEVELS, AND HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE IN WOMEN WITH POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME
Background: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome is a common endocrine-metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, obesity, psychological stress, and reduced health-related quality of life. While exercise is a cornerstone of management, the combined effect of high- intensity training and stress-reduction strategies remains underexplored. Objective: To evaluate the impact of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) with adjunct relaxation therapy on metabolic parameters, stress levels, and health-related quality of life in women with PCOS. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted on 60 women with PCOS aged 18– 35 years, who were randomly allocated into an experimental group (HIIT + relaxation therapy) and a control group (moderate-intensity continuous training). The intervention was carried out for 12 weeks. Outcome measures included Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist–Hip Ratio, Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Health-Related Quality of Life Questionnaire (PCOSQ). Statistical analysis was performed using paired and unpaired t-tests with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Both groups showed significant improvements in all outcome measures (p < 0.05). However, the experimental group demonstrated significantly greater reductions in BMI (p = 0.038), Waist–Hip Ratio (p = 0.017), and PSS scores (p < 0.001), along with a significantly higher improvement in PCOSQ scores (p < 0.001) compared to the control group. Conclusion: HIIT combined with relaxation therapy is more effective than conventional exercise alone in improving metabolic health, reducing stress, and enhancing quality of life in women with PCOS. This combined approach offers a holistic and time-efficient strategy for physiotherapy management.
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An Analysis of sleep quality index and its correlation with stress, depression, anxiety level in collegiate athletes during tournaments
Background: This study aimed to examine the connection between sleep quality and psychological factors—specifically stress, depression, and anxiety—in collegiate athletes during tournament periods. Given the significant physical and mental demands placed on athletes during competitions, understanding how sleep quality influences their mental health and athletic performance is vital. The interplay between sleep quality and psychological well-being is crucial, and addressing these factors can have a significant impact on athletes' overall well-being and success in sports. Materials & Methods: Collegiate athletes from Group A were recruited for the study, where they completed standardized questionnaires to assess their sleep quality, stress, depression, and anxiety levels. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was utilized to measure sleep quality, while the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) was used to evaluate psychological well-being. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Pearson correlation test to identify potential relationships between the variables. Results: The findings revealed that the athletes had an average PSQI score of 7.44, indicating a moderate level of sleep disruption during the tournament period. The DASS-21 scores reflected moderate levels of stress (52.81), anxiety (50.98), and depression (52.82) among the participants. The Pearson correlation test showed weak positive correlations between sleep quality and stress (0.068), anxiety (0.086), and depression (0.096), suggesting statistically significant but minor associations between these factors. Conclusion: The study underscores the importance of addressing both sleep quality and psychological well-being in the context of sports performance and athlete welfare. Implementing targeted interventions to reduce sleep disturbances and support mental health could enhance the overall well- being of athletes and potentially improve their performance during tournaments. Further research is recommended to explore other factors affecting athletes' mental health and to develop comprehensive strategies for supporting their well-being and success in sports.
IMPACT OF DUAL-TASK AEROBIC TRAINING ON COGNITIVE FUNCTION AND FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY IN PATIENTS WITH STABLE CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL
Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is associated with reduced functional capacity and cognitive impairment, particularly affecting executive function and attention. Conventional cardiac rehabilitation primarily targets physical outcomes, with limited emphasis on cognitive function. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of dual-task aerobic training on cognitive function and functional capacity in patients with stable CAD. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted on 40 patients with stable CAD, randomly allocated into dual-task aerobic training (DTAT, n=20) and conventional aerobic training (CAT, n=20) groups. Both groups underwent training for 8 weeks (3 sessions/week, 40–50 minutes/session at 60–75% HRmax). Outcome measures included the Montreal Cognitive Assessment for cognitive function, 6-Minute Walk Test for functional capacity, and Dual-Task Walking Test for cognitive-motor performance. Data were analyzed using paired and independent t-tests. Results: Both groups showed significant improvements in all outcome measures (p < 0.05). However, the DTAT group demonstrated significantly greater improvements in cognitive function, 6MWT distance, and dual-task performance compared to the CAT group (p < 0.05). Large effect sizes were observed across outcomes in the DTAT group. Conclusion: Dual-task aerobic training is more effective than conventional aerobic training in improving cognitive function, functional capacity, and dual-task performance in patients with stable CAD. Incorporating dual-task paradigms into cardiac rehabilitation may enhance overall patient outcomes.
A REVIEW OF SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCING PHARMACEUTICAL SUPPLY CHAIN RESILIENCE
The pharmaceutical supply chain is a critical component of global healthcare infrastructure, ensuring the continuous availability of safe and effective medicines. However, increasing globalisation, regulatory complexities and disruptions such as pandemics have exposed its vulnerability. This review explores sustainable strategies that enhance the resilience of pharmaceutical supply chains by integrating environmental, economic and social dimensions of sustainability. Key approaches include digital transformation through technologies like artificial intelligence, blockchain and the Internet of Things (IoT) to improve transparency, traceability and decision-making. Additional strategies encompass predictive analytics for disruption management, ethical sourcing, supplier and route diversification, inventory optimisation and green logistics. Emphasis is placed on the adoption of circular economy principles, local sourcing and collaboration among stakeholders to ensure long-term stability and adaptability. The study also highlights the importance of regulatory compliance, risk assessment frameworks and capacity-building initiatives for workforce development. By embedding sustainability into core operations, pharmaceutical organisations can achieve operational efficiency, environmental stewardship and social responsibility while strengthening preparedness against future disruptions.
PHARMACEUTICAL SUPPLY CHAIN RESILIENCE: LESSONS FROM RECENT GLOBAL CRISIS
Global crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic, have revealed critical vulnerabilities within pharmaceutical supply chains, underscoring the importance of building resilience to ensure continuous access to essential medicines. This review examines the key elements that contribute to the strength and adaptability of pharmaceutical supply networks, including supplier diversification, effective inventory management, adherence to regulatory standards, and the use of advanced technologies. Supply chain disruptions caused by natural disasters, geopolitical tensions, economic fluctuations, cyber threats, and operational challenges such as reliance on single-source suppliers and just-in-time inventory practices further highlight the need for robust strategies. Strengthening resilience involves thorough risk assessments, business continuity planning, and effective communication among stakeholders. Implementing predictive analytics, blockchain, and real-time monitoring systems can improve supply chain visibility, traceability, and proactive decision-making. Lessons learned from recent crises stress the value of cross-sector collaboration, strategic stockpiling, and ongoing process improvement. This review provides an in-depth analysis of pharmaceutical supply chain resilience, offering practical insights and strategies to mitigate risks and ensure reliable delivery of medicines during global emergencies.
“ASTUDYTOASSESSTHEIMPACTOFBLUELIGHTSCREENONSLEEPQ UALITYANDBEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS AMONG ADOLESCENTS AT SELECTED SCHOOL, CHETPET”
Introduction: Blue light, emitted from digital screens, LED lights, and the sun, plays a crucial role in regulating the sleep-wake cycle but can negatively impact sleep when excessively exposed at night. Adolescents are particularly vulnerable due to prolonged screen use and natural shifts in sleep patterncycle. Objectives: 1)Toassess theimpact ofbluelight screen amongadolescents 2) To assess the sleep quality and behavioral problems among adolescents. 3) To determine the correlation between the impact of blue light screen and qualityof sleep amongadolescents. 4) To determine the correlation between the impact of blue light screen and behavioral problemsamong adolescents 5) To determine the correlation between sleep quality and behavioral problems among adolescents 6) To associate the impact of blue light screen, sleep quality and behavioral problems with the selected demographic variables. Methodology: A quantitative descriptive study was conducted among 100 adolescents at Chetpet Government High School using purposive sampling. Data were collected using a standardized questionnaire, including the Strengths and Difficulty Questionnaire (SDQ) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scales, Anda nalyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Amongadolescentsaged12–18 years, 81% had moderate exposure and 19% had high exposure to blue light screens. About 74% experienced poor sleep quality, while 26% reported good sleep. Additionally, 52% showed high levels of behavioural problems, and 48% had low levels. A poor, non-significant positive correlation was found between blue light exposure and both sleep quality (r = 0.097) and behavioural problems (r = 0.063). However, a fair positive correlation was observed between sleep disturbances and behavioural issues (r =0.331, p≤0.001). Gender and sleep duration were significantly associated with sleep quality, while age was significantly associated with behavioural problems. No demo graphicvariables were significantly linked to blue light exposure levels. Conclusion: The study concluded that greater exposure to blue light screen is associated with increased behavioral issues, which in turn aggravatessleep disturbances among adolescents.
Biodiversity Patterns in the Sundarbans: A Geographical Analysis of Salinity Gradients and Ecosystem Dynamics
The present study investigates biodiversity patterns in the Sundarbans from a geographical perspective, emphasizing the role of environmental gradients in shaping species distribution. The research adopts an observational ecological design with stratified sampling across low, medium, and high salinity zones, and utilizes secondary data along with field-based modelling. Quantitative analysis using Mean ± Standard Error (SE) reveals a significant decline in mangrove species richness, tree density, and faunal diversity with increasing salinity, highlighting the ecological sensitivity of the region. The findings demonstrate that geographical factors such as salinity gradient, tidal inundation, soil characteristics, and climatic disturbances play a crucial role in determining biodiversity patterns. The study further identifies critical zones requiring conservation priority due to their ecological vulnerability. Overall, the research underscores the importance of integrating geographical analysis and statistical evaluation for effective biodiversity conservation and sustainable ecosystem management in the Sundarbans. Conclusion: The study concluded that greater exposure to blue light screen is associated with increased behavioral issues, which in turn aggravatessleep disturbances among adolescents.
A Review on Impact of Climate Change on Plant Diseases: Perspectives, Patterns and Mitigating Measures
With the industrial revolution, the climate on earth has altered. The temperature has soared by 0.3 to 0.6 °C and atmospheric CO2, a significant greenhouse gas, has increased by almost 30%. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, by the year 2100, the global mean temperature would have increased by 0.9 to 3.5 °C under the current emission scenario. These forecasts are, however, subject to a great deal of uncertainty. Although weather plays a significant role in plant diseases, a thorough review of the pattern these diseases affect primary production in agricultural systems may be impacted by climate change is currently lacking. Based on a review of the minimal research available, it appears that losses due to plant diseases, the effectiveness of disease management techniques, and the geographic distribution of plant diseases are the three areas where the effects of climate change are most likely to be felt. Specific plant diseases may be positively impacted, negatively impacted, or unaffected by climate change. Additional investigation is required to acquire foundational data on various disease systems. Several plant disease models use various climatic variables and operate at a different temporal and geographical scale than global climate models. To accurately evaluate the effects of disease on a worldwide scale, methodological advancements are required.
Influence of chemical and bio-fertilizers on quality attributes of strawberry cv. Winter Dawn
The present study was conducted during two consecutive winter seasons of 2023-24 and 2024- 25 at the Department of Agriculture, IIAST, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India, to assess the impact of chemical and bio-fertilizer applications on strawberry fruits. The experiment consisted of 10 treatments in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Results from present investigation shown that strawberry plants grown under RDF + Vermicompost (3 t/ha) + Azotobacter (5 kg/ha) produced significantly higher total soluble solids (7.83%), TSS: acid ratio (11.51), vitamin C (56.85 mg/100 g), total anthocyanin (49.36 mg/100 g), non-reducing sugar (2.71%), reducing sugar (5.49%), total sugars (8.20%), and the lowest acidity (0.66%). This was followed by RDF + Vermicompost (3 t/ha) + PSB (5 kg/ha). In contrast, the lowest total soluble solids (4.93%), TSS: acid ratio (5.98), vitamin C (40.31 mg/100 g), total anthocyanin (40.37 mg/100 g), non-reducing sugar (1.97%), reducing sugar (3.68%), total sugars (5.65%), and the highest acidity (0.83%) were recorded in the control treatment. It can be concluded from the present investigation that the application of RDF + Vermicompost (3 t/ha) + Azotobacter (5 kg/ha) significantly improved the qualitative attributes of strawberry fruits compared to the control.
A STUDY ON ENTREPRENEURIAL ORIENTATION AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS IN TIRUNELVELI
Entrepreneurial orientation (EO) among youth is widely recognised as a catalyst for economic development and employment generation, yet empirical evidence from Tier-II Indian cities, particularly among college student populations, remains sparse. This study investigates the entrepreneurial orientation of college students in Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, examining five interrelated dimensions: individual EO traits, influencing factors, institutional support, ecosystem awareness, and perceived barriers. A structured questionnaire was administered to 72 college students selected through convenience sampling across undergraduate and postgraduate programmes. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, chi-square tests, and Pearson correlation. The findings reveal a moderately high overall EO score (x̄ = 3.73 on a 5-point scale), with resilience in failure (x̄ = 4.06) and goal-orientation (x̄ = 3.97) as the strongest individual traits. Inspirational role models were the most influential external factor (x̄ = 3.79), while awareness of financial assistance mechanisms was the lowest-rated ecosystem variable (x̄ = 2.81). ANOVA revealed a statistically significant difference in EO scores across courses of study (F = 5.303, p = 0.002). Pearson correlation confirmed significant positive associations between institutional college support and EO (r = 0.418, p = 0.0003) and between entrepreneurial ecosystem awareness and EO (r = 0.290, p = 0.013). Lack of mentorship and guidance emerged as the most severe perceived barrier (x̄ = 3.73). The study offers evidence- based recommendations for institutions, policy-makers, and educators seeking to strengthen entrepreneurial culture among students in non-metropolitan contexts.
Comparative Assessment of Fish Species Diversity across Coastal and Inland Regions of Southern Tamil Nadu
Fish markets provide valuable, low-cost proxies for assessing regional biodiversity, trade dynamics, and exploitation patterns. The present study documents and compares fish species diversity in major markets of three ecologically distinct districts of southern Tamil Nadu— Kanyakumari (coastal), Tirunelveli (transitional), and Tenkasi (inland). Market surveys conducted from July to September 2025 recorded 22 fish species belonging to 20 families. Species were identified using scientific reference and morphological validation, and classified by taxonomic family, habitat preference, feeding guild, and conservation status. Marine species dominated overall market composition (77.8%), particularly in Kanyakumari, while Tirunelveli exhibited a mixed marine–freshwater assemblage and Tenkasi showed limited diversity dependent on transported marine catches. Carnivorous species constituted the dominant trophic guild (63%), indicating selective exploitation. Diversity indices revealed highest evenness and richness in coastal markets. The study highlights the utility of market-based surveys in identifying biodiversity patterns, trophic biases, and conservation concerns, emphasizing the need for diversified utilization and sustainable fisheries management in southern India.
Time Efficiency and Accuracy of Digital Versus Conventional Workflows for Fabrication of Single-Unit Crowns: An In Vitro Study
Background: The advancement of digital dentistry has introduced computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems as an alternative to conventional techniques for crown fabrication. These digital workflows are claimed to enhance efficiency and precision; however, comparative evidence remains essential to validate their clinical applicability. Aim: To evaluate and compare the time efficiency and accuracy of digital and conventional workflows in the fabrication of single-unit crowns in an in vitro setting. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 samples were included and divided into two groups (n = 10 each): digital workflow and conventional workflow. A standardized prepared tooth model was used for crown fabrication. In the digital workflow, intraoral scanning was followed by CAD design and CAM milling. In the conventional workflow, elastomeric impressions were made, followed by stone model fabrication, wax patterning, and casting. The time required at each stage was recorded to assess efficiency. Accuracy was evaluated by measuring marginal and internal fit using a stereomicroscope. Statistical analysis was performed to compare the groups. Results: The digital workflow demonstrated significantly reduced fabrication time compared to the conventional method. Crowns fabricated using the digital workflow showed comparable or improved marginal and internal fit. The conventional workflow, while reliable, required more time and involved multiple steps that could introduce errors. Conclusion: Digital workflows are more time-efficient and provide comparable or superior accuracy in the fabrication of single-unit crowns compared to conventional techniques.
Implementing Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) for the Development of a Stability-Indicating Method for Tapentadol HCl in Bulk Drug and Nasal Spray
Purpose: To develop and validate a stability-indicating RP-HPLC method for quantifying Tapentadol HCl in bulk drug and nasal spray formulation using Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) principles, addressing a critical gap in the literature for nasal spray formulations. Methods: A Central Composite Design (CCD) optimized critical method parameters: mobile phase pH (4.5–5.5), flow rate (0.8–1.2 mL/min) and aqueous phase proportion (60–70%). Forced degradation studies under acid, alkaline, oxidative, thermal, and photolytic conditions assessed stability-indicating capability. Method validation followed ICH Q2(R1) guidelines. Results: Optimized conditions—triethylammonium acetate buffer (10 mM, pH 5.0): acetonitrile (65:35, v/v) at 1.0 mL/min— achieved baseline resolution between Tapentadol and degradation products (Rs1 = 3.5, Rs2 = 2.8) with retention time of 7.738 min. Tapentadol HCl showed marked susceptibility to oxidative degradation (16.55% under 3% H₂O₂) while remaining stable under photolytic and thermal conditions. The method demonstrated excellent linearity (r² = 0.999 over 2–12 μg/mL), accuracy (mean recovery 99.9–100.1%), precision (%RSD < 0.5%) and sensitivity (LOD = 0.2 μg/mL, LOQ = 0.7 μg/mL). Successful application to Tapease NS Nasal Spray (label claim 225 mg/mL) yielded 99.69% recovery (%RSD = 0.38%), confirming practical utility. Conclusion: This AQbD-driven, stability-indicating RP-HPLC method offers a robust, reliable, and regulatory-compliant approach for routine quality control and stability testing of Tapentadol HCl in both bulk drug and innovative nasal spray formulations with particular value for oxidative degradation monitoring.
Temperature-Driven Phase Evolution and Physicochemical Property changes in TiO2 Nanoparticles
TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by the sol–gel method and annealed at 450, 550, 650, and 750 °C. This allowed examination of how temperature drives phase evolution and alters structural, optical, vibrational, thermal, and electrochemical properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed phase-pure anatase at 450 and 550 °C. At 650 °C a mixed anatase and rutile structure appeared. At 750 °C there was complete conversion to the rutile phase is noted. Crystallite size grew monotonically from 21.3 nm to 40.9 nm, while dislocation density and microstrain fell sharply across the same range, indicating progressive defect annihilation. UV–Vis spectroscopy (UV- Vis) revealed a systematic red-shift in the optical absorption edge from ~390 to ~416 nm. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) showed progressive loss of surface hydroxyl groups and organic residues, with the Ti–O lattice sharpening and intensifying at higher temperatures. Photoluminescence (PL) measurements indicated a shift in emission followed by intensity quenching at 750 °C due to reduced defect density. Raman spectra corroborated the XRD-determined phase sequence and further confirmed the anatase to rutile phase transformation. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed total weight loss falling from ~6% (450 °C) to ~0.5% (750 °C), confirming the removal of adsorbed water and organic precursors with increasing crystallinity. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) indicated that the 450 °C sample delivered the highest specific capacitance value of 1.311 F g⁻¹ at 10 mV s⁻¹ due to its greater surface area and defect-rich anatase structure. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy confirmed the lowest charge-transfer resistance in the 450 °C sample. The 450 °C anatase sample additionally exhibited measurable antibacterial activity against S. aureus, B. subtilis, and K. pneumoniae. Together, these results establish a consistent, temperature-indexed property map that can guide the selection of TiO2 annealing conditions for photocatalysis, energy storage, and optoelectronic applications.
Fiscal Subsidies and Their Long-Run Effects on Household Welfare and Labour Supply
Fiscal subsidies are of great essence in defining the welfare of the household, income distribution, and the labour market, especially in the developing economies. This paper considers both short-term and long-term impacts of fiscal subsidies on household welfare and labour supply which combines household level results of the Economic Survey 202425 and macro level data of other countries shown by OECD sources. The results show that augmented Social Service Expenditure (SSE), an augmented education and health investment, and narrow as well as focused transfers like PMGKAY and Direct Benefit Transfers have had a profound effect on enhancing the short-term household consumption and decreasing inequality by in the form of decreasing Gini coefficients and closing urban rural expenditure disparities. There is high progressive distribution in food subsidies, as lower-income groups receive a higher percentage of consumption subsidy. On the macro level, there is evidence indicating that increased social protection expenditure correlates with reduced disposable income inequality and that long-term growth is determined by the composition and fiscal sustainability of expenditure. Human capital-based subsidies seem growth-neutral or growth-inducing, but distortionary, debt-based transfers could impair efficiency in the long run. The paper has concluded that targeted and economically viable subsidy mechanisms can be used to achieve equity and efficiency, inclusive growth and enhance labour productivity in the long term.
Assessment of Adjustment Problems among First-Year Nursing Students in Selected Colleges at Chennai.
Background: The entry into professional nursing education is often accompanied by increased academic expectations and psychosocial transitions, particularly among first-year students. Such changes may pose challenges to effective adaptation and influence students’ overall functioning. Objectives: This study was undertaken to assess the level of adjustment problems among first year B.Sc. Nursing students., To find the association between the level of adjustment problems and selected demographic variables. Methods: A quantitative descriptive research design was adopted, and 40 students were selected through a non-probability Purposive sampling technique. Data were obtained using the Bell Adjustment Inventory and analyzed using descriptive statistical measures. Results: The analysis revealed that a large majority of students (97.5%) experienced moderate adjustment difficulties, while a small proportion (2.5%) exhibited severe maladjustment. No participant was found to have a high level of adjustment, indicating that adjustment challenges were present across the study group. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the initial stage of nursing education involves considerable adjustment demands, highlighting the importance of early recognition and the provision of structured support strategies to facilitate effective adaptation and enhance student well-being.
Effectiveness of Cold Application on Needle Stick Pain During Intramuscular Injection Among Adult Patients
Background: Pain associated with intramuscular (IM) injections remains a significant concern in clinical practice, and cold application, a simple non-pharmacological intervention, helps reduce pain by decreasing nerve conduction velocity and inhibiting the transmission of pain impulses. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of cold application in reducing needle-stick pain among adult patients receiving IM injections. Methods: A quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental post-test-only control group design was adopted, and a total of 60 participants were selected using purposive sampling and assigned to experimental (n=30) and control (n=30) groups; pain intensity was measured using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) following the intervention. Results: The experimental group reported significantly lower pain levels, with 53.3% experiencing no pain and only 3.3% reporting moderate pain, whereas in the control group, 50.1% reported moderate pain and 6.6% severe pain; the mean pain score in the experimental group (0.93 ± 1.20) was markedly lower than in the control group (3.5 ± 1.97), demonstrating a statistically significant difference (t = 6.153, p < 0.01), and a significant association was also observed between educational status and pain perception in the control group. Conclusion: Cold application is an effective, economical, and easily implementable intervention for reducing injection-related pain and can be incorporated into routine nursing practice to improve patient comfort and quality of care.
ASSESSMENT OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN UROPATHOGEN ISOLATES FROM PATIENTS ADMITTED IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL
Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a significant public health challenge, particularly in hospitalized patients where multidrug-resistant pathogens complicate treatment. Aim: To assess the antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacterial isolates obtained from patients admitted in a tertiary care hospital. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology at [Government general hospital, Kurnool] over a period of [6 months]. Clinical specimens (urine) were collected from admitted patients. Isolates were identified using standard microbiological methods, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method in accordance with CLSI guidelines M02,M07,M100 and M45 documents. Results: Among 140 patients, females were more commonly affected (60%) with a mean age of 42.02 years. Fever was the most frequent presenting symptom. The predominant pathogen isolated was Escherichia coli (56 cases), followed by Klebsiella (53 cases). Resistance was categorized as single, dual, or multidrug resistance, with multidrug resistance being most prevalent (59.3%). Conclusion: The study highlights the alarming prevalence of multidrug resistance in uropathogens. Strengthening AMR surveillance, ensuring routine antimicrobial sensitivity testing, and implementing antimicrobial stewardship programs are essential to guide rational therapy and prevent further spread of resistant infections.
Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Endophytic Penicillium and Aspergillus Species Isolated from Curcuma caesia Roxb. (Zingiberaceae), a Medicinal Plant of Odisha, India
In addition to being important sources of bioactive chemicals, medicinal plants are essential for the development of new therapeutic medicines. The capacity of endophytic fungus linked to medicinal plants to create a variety of secondary metabolites with important biological functions has drawn more attention. The antibacterial and antioxidant properties of endophytic fungi isolated from the medicinal plant Curcuma caesia Roxb. (family Zingiberaceae) were examined in this work. Based on morphological traits, three endophytic fungal isolates from the plant's rhizomes were identified as Aspergillus oryzae, Penicillium citrinum, and Aspergillus niger. This identification was verified by 18S rRNA sequencing using ITS markers. The isolates' antibacterial activity against four human pathogenic bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was first assessed using the agar block method. P. citrinum produced inhibition zones up to 3.5 cm against the investigated pathogens, demonstrating the greatest antibacterial activity among the isolates. The disc diffusion method was used for secondary screening with ethyl acetate extracts. DPPH and DMPD radical scavenging tests were used to measure antioxidant activity. While A. oryzae demonstrated the highest activity in the DMPD testing (59.56%), P. citrinum demonstrated the highest DPPH antioxidant activity (78.61%). Additionally, all isolates showed enzymatic activity, such as tyrosinase, protease, and amylase. These results suggest that C. caesia endophytic fungus could be useful sources of bioactive compounds with possible medical uses.
Nitrogen-Based Heterocycles in Anticancer Drug Discovery: A Comprehensive Review
Nitrogen-based heterocyclic compounds represent a cornerstone of modern medicinal chemistry due to their structural diversity, synthetic accessibility, and broad pharmacological activities. Recent advances in rational drug design have emphasized heterocyclic scaffolds such as pyrazoles, indazoles, benzothiazoles, triazoles, and benzimidazoles for anticancer drug discovery. This review summarizes contemporary developments in the design, synthesis, characterization, and biological evaluation of nitrogen-containing heterocycles with a focus on target-specific anticancer mechanisms such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibition. Emerging synthetic approaches including asymmetric aza-Michael reactions, multicomponent strategies, and diversity-oriented synthesis are discussed alongside molecular pharmacology and structure–activity relationships. The review highlights current challenges and proposes future directions for developing safer and more effective heterocyclic anticancer agents.
Clinical Efficacy of Ayurvedic Interventions in Dushta Vrana Associated with Diabetic Foot Ulcer: A Case Report
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a significant source of morbidity in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, which often lead to chronic non-healing wounds, infections and amputations. Such ulcers are also correlated in Ayurvedic literature as Dushta Vrana especially when coupled with Prameha. The current case report reports the integrative management of a 68-year-old male with a chronic diabetic foot ulcer with a history of dry gangrene and history of previous toe amputation. This ulcer was Wagner Grade 2 and it was related to peripheral neuropathy. The first management was surgical disarticulation to debride the necrotic tissue because this pre- vented local infection. This was followed by a systematic Ayurvedic treatment regimen that is guided on the concept of Vrana Shodhana and Vrana Ropana. Oral preparations such as Gandhak Rasayan, Manjisthadi Vati, Mehaabhaya Kashaya as well as Kaishor Guggulu were used together with local wound care using Jatyadi Taila and normal debridement. It was noted over the two months period with progressive wound healing, discharge reduction and consider- able wound contraction without recurrence or other complications. This case illustrates how an integrative method with necessary form of surgery alongside classical Ayurvedic treatment can be very fruitful in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. This kind of holistic approach helps in treating local wound pathology and global metabolic imbalance, which is a promising approach to complex, chronic wounds related to diabetes.
Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Insights into Vaitarana Basti: An HPTLC-Based Interpretation with Clinical Validation
Vaitarana Basti is a classical medicated enema indicated in Amavata (rheumatoid arthritis) and other Vata-Kapha dominated disorders, yet its behavior in terms of modern pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics has remained largely theoretical. In the present work, a methanolic extract of Vaitarana Basti (start and end samples) was subjected to high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) on silica gel 60 F₂₅₄ plates, with densitometric scanning at 254 nm and 366 nm. Distinct Rf bands were observed in both UV ranges, which were tentatively correlated with phenolic acids, flavonoids, lignans, coumarins, sterols and fatty acid fractions derived mainly from Tamarindus indica pulp and Sesamum indicum oil [1][2][3][4]. On the basis of published pharmacology of these phytochemical classes and available experimental data on medicated enemas, a composite picture emerges: phenolic and flavonoid components likely undergo partial systemic absorption through the rectal mucosa, while lipophilic lignans and fatty acids contribute to local mucosal protection, modulation of inflammatory mediators and improved penetration of co-constituents [5][6][7][8]. These findings offer a mechanistic bridge between traditional Vaitarana Basti indications and contemporary concepts of drug disposition and tissue-level action. Clinical validation was demonstrated through a case of seropositive rheumatoid arthritis showing 69.7% reduction in CRP levels and 50% reduction in pain scores following 8-day Karma Basti protocol [9].
Therapeutic Uses Of Gandhak Druti- A Review Article
Gandhaka is a Rasa-dravya that is commonly used in Ayurvedic practice. One of the most unique dosage forms involving Gandhaka is “Gandhaka-druti,” which is a herbo-mineral formulation with an oil base indicated in various diseases. Despite its applicability in different diseases and promising results with minimum dose, the various methods of its preparation and entirety of its indication need to be explored. The present study is an effort to compile different textual references related to the formulation pertaining to its preparation and applicability beyond skin diseases along with recent research updates in order to pave way for the Ayurvedic fraternity to make utmost use of this wonder drug. Through thorough review, 13 different varieties of Gandhaka druti was obtained from different literature and also 8 different studies related to this. Most of the study was based on the popular method and other indications are still unexplored. Furthermore, research based on various indications are required in Ayurveda. The present study has reviewed the scope from the classical texts to emphasize the application of Gandhaka druti in various conditions rather than the skin disorders. This formulation is considered important in treating various diseases, including skin disorders, respiratory problems, and digestive issues. Gandhak Druti is believed to possess anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal properties.
A Case Report on Mutrashmari(Vesicle Calculus): Combining Suprapubic Cystolithotomy and Ayurvedic Management
Introduction:A 52-year-old male presented with a 2-day history of pain, burning during micturition, increased frequency, and dribbling of urine, alongside occasional constipation. Investigations revealed a large urinary bladder stone and cystitis. The patient was diagnosed with Mutrashmari(vesical calculus) with associated cystitis.Case Presentation:The patient, a 52-year-old male, complained of pain and burning during urination, along with increased frequency and dribbling of urine for the past 2 days. He also had occasional constipation but no history of similar urinary issues or other systemic diseases like hypertension or diabetes. Ultrasound revealed a large bladder stone (33 mm) and cystitis. The patient was diagnosed with Mutrashmariand planned for surgical management.Management:The patient underwent suprapubic cystolithotomy under spinal anesthesia. Intraoperative procedures included a 5 cm suprapubic incision, identification of the bladder, and stone removal through bladder fundus incision. The bladder was closed in double layers, and appropriate hemostasis was achieved. Post-operatively, Ayurvedic interventions were initiated to support recovery: Internal medications: Gokshuradi Guggulu, Punarnavashtak kwath, Chandraprabha Vati, and Erandbhrusta Haritaki.Dietary modifications: Vata-pacifying foods, adequate hydration, and avoidance of spicy foods.Drain placement was performed to manage any residual secretion.Results:The patient tolerated the surgery well, with stable post-operative recovery. The Ayurvedic medications and lifestyle modifications were initiated to support healing and prevent recurrence of vesical calculus. Post-operative follow-up showed no complications. Conclusion:This case highlights the effective management of Mutrashmari(vesical calculus) through a combination of modern surgical intervention (suprapubic cystolithotomy) and Ayurvedic support. The prognosis is favorable, with no recurrence expected if appropriate Ayurvedic and dietary guidelines are followed.
Moisture content Determination of Kokilaksha churna (Asteracantha longifolia Nees) . Using Loss on Drying Method: A quality control Approach
Background: Kokilaksha (Asteracantha longifolia Nees) is an important Ayurvedic medicinal plant used for its Mutrala, Shothahara, Rasayana, and Balya properties. Mositure content is a critical quality parameter affecting stability, microbial safety, and therapeutic safety, and therapeutic efficacy of powdered herbal drugs. Objective: To determine the moisture content of Kokilaksha Churna using the Loss on Drying (LOD) method. Methods: The powdered drug was procured, authenticated, and analyzed in the Quality Control Laboratory of Parul Institute of Ayurveda. LOD was performed at 110 degree Celsius until constant weight was achieved. Results: The mean moisture content of Kokilaksha Churna was calculated to be 8.0% confirming proper drying and quality. Conclusion: Kokilaksha churna meets quality standards for moisture content. Routine moisture analysis is recommended to ensure stability, safety, and therapeutic efficacy.
Erandamooladi Dhooma Nasya in Ardhavabhedaka (Migraine): A Single- Arm Pilot Feasibility Clinical Trial
Background: Migraine is a recurrent neurological disorder characterized by episodic headache attacks, often accompanied by nausea, sensitivity to light, and sensitivity to sound. In Ayurvedic literature, a comparable condition is described as Ardhavabhedaka (migraine). Nasya Karma is traditionally indicated for diseases of the head region, and Dhooma Nasya (medicated fume inhalation) is a specialized modality in which medicated smoke is administered through the nostrils. Objective: To assess the feasibility, safety, and preliminary clinical outcomes of Erandamooladi Dhooma Nasya in patients suffering from Ardhavabhedaka (migraine). Methods: A prospective single-arm pilot feasibility trial was conducted in ten patients diagnosed with migraine corresponding to Ardhavabhedaka. Erandamooladi Dhooma Nasya was administered once daily (3 puffs per nostril) before food for 7 consecutive days. Clinical outcomes were evaluated using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain intensity and the Migraine Disability Assessment Scale (MIDAS). Assessments were performed at baseline, immediately after completion of therapy, and during two follow-up visits. Results: All ten participants completed the treatment schedule and the scheduled follow-ups, indicating complete adherence and retention during the study period. A progressive reduction in headache intensity and migraine-related disability was observed following the intervention. The mean VAS score decreased from 5.6 at baseline to 3.2 after treatment and further reduced to 2.3 at the second follow-up. Similarly, the mean MIDAS score declined from 14.0 at baseline to 12.6 after treatment, reaching 10.7 at the final follow-up. Two participants experienced complete remission of symptoms, six demonstrated marked improvement, and two showed moderate improvement. No adverse events were reported during the treatment or follow-up period. Conclusion: Erandamooladi Dhooma Nasya was feasible to administer and well tolerated in this pilot sample. The intervention showed encouraging trends toward improvement in migraine intensity and disability, supporting the need for larger controlled trials.