PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF ANGIOGENESIS AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL MARKERS P53 AND KI-67 IN NON-MUSCLE-INVASIVE-BLADDER CANCER

Abstract

Bladder cancer (BC) remains one of the most common malignancies of the urinary tract, with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) accounting for approximately 75% of cases. Despite advances in treatment, high recurrence and progression rates pose significant clinical challenges. Angiogenesis, assessed through microvascular density (MVD) using CD34 immunohistochemical staining, along with the tumor proliferation marker Ki-67 and tumor suppressor p53, has emerged as a potential prognostic factor. This study aims to evaluate the correlation between angiogenesis, p53, Ki-67, and tumor stage, grade, and recurrence risk in NMIBC patients. Therefore, the identification and development of specific methods to diagnose and predict tumor invasion is critically important for patient management. The expression of the tumor suppressor protein p53 has been shown to have both biological and prognostic significance in urothelial carcinomas. Mutations in the TP53 gene, which encodes the p53 protein, have been previously well-studied in human cancers. Ki-67 has been investigated in the prediction of the progression of urothelial carcinoma in both the urinary bladder and the upper urinary tract, and several studies have supported this. However, each study has faced a different challenge.