Mini review of Phytosterols: Benefits, Mechanisms and Biomedical Applications

Abstract

Phytosterols, or plant sterols, are natural compounds with a chemical structure similar to cholesterol, enabling them to lower LDL cholesterol by inhibiting its absorption. This systematically examines the science of phytosterols, beginning with an exploration of their chemical structure, side-chain variations, and the specific types, including beta-sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol. The analysis extends to a review of their primary sources, from natural plant-based foods to commercially fortified products and supplements. The document synthesizes current research on the health benefits, particularly the proven reduction of LDL cholesterol by 5-15% with a daily intake of 2 grams. It also addresses potential side effects, such as reduced absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, and concludes by validating phytosterols as a crucial component of a heart-healthy diet.