Heavy Metal Toxicity and Chronic Kidney Disease in Southern Tamil Nadu: A Critical Review of Environmental Exposure, Mechanisms, and Public Health Concerns

Abstract

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) represents a significant global health burden,
characterized by a progressive decline in renal function. While traditional risk factors
such as diabetes and hypertension are well-established, the role of environmental
pollutants, particularly heavy metals, in the etiology and progression of CKD is
gaining increasing attention. This comprehensive review synthesizes current
knowledge on the impact of heavy metal exposure on CKD, with a specific focus on
findings from the Southern Tamil Nadu population. It delves into the mechanisms by
which various heavy metals, including but not limited to arsenic, lead, cadmium, and
mercury, exert nephrotoxic effects, leading to cellular damage, glomerulosclerosis,
and impaired renal function. The review also examines the prevalence of heavy metal
exposure in susceptible populations, routes of exposure, and the challenges in
establishing clear causal links due to the heterogeneity of environmental factors and
population demographics. Furthermore, it discusses diagnostic approaches, potential
therapeutic interventions, and the critical need for effective management strategies
to mitigate the adverse health outcomes associated with heavy metal-induced
nephropathy. By integrating findings from recent studies and highlighting the unique
context of Southern Tamil Nadu, this review aims to provide a deeper understanding
of this complex public health issue and underscore the importance of environmental
monitoring and public health interventions to prevent and manage CKD.