ASSESSMENT OF BALANCE IMPAIRMENT AND FALL RISK USING CLINICAL BALANCE ASSESSMENT TOOLS IN PATIENTS WITH TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Abstract

Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) frequently leads to long-term neurological deficits, including impaired balance, dizziness, and an increased risk of falls. These impairments negatively affect functional independence and quality of life. Accurate clinical assessment is essential for identifying balance deficits and planning appropriate rehabilitation strategies. Objective To evaluate neurological status, balance impairment, and fall risk in patients with traumatic brain injury and to examine the relationship between commonly used clinical balance assessment tools. Methods A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 60 individuals diagnosed with traumatic brain injury. Neurological function was evaluated using the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), while balance and fall risk were assessed using the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI), Functional Reach Test (FRT), Timed Up and Go Test (TUG), and Single Leg Stand Test (SLS). Descriptive statistics, dependent t-tests, Chi-square tests, and Spearman's rank correlation were used for data analysis. Results The mean age of participants was 37.68 ± 10.22 years, with males accounting for 58.33% of the sample. Most participants demonstrated right-sided neurological involvement (85%), and diabetes mellitus was the most common comorbidity (30%). Moderate dizziness-related disability was observed in 65% of participants. According to the Timed Up and Go Test, 60% of participants were at high risk of falls, while the Functional Reach Test classified 61.67% as having moderate fall risk. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between Functional Reach Test and Timed Up and Go performance (r = 0.411, p = 0.001), whereas no significant correlation was observed between Functional Reach Test and Single Leg Stand performance (p > 0.05). Conclusion Patients with traumatic brain injury exhibit substantial balance impairment and an increased risk of falls. The Functional Reach Test and Timed Up and Go Test provide complementary information regarding dynamic balance and mobility and should be incorporated into routine clinical assessment.