Musca domestica-Associated Pathogens and Their Control Using Medicinal Plant Extracts: A Systematic Review

Abstract

The common housefly, Musca domestica Linnaeus, is one of the most widespread synanthropic insects
and serves as a significant mechanical vector of numerous pathogenic microorganisms. Houseflies
frequently inhabit environments contaminated with human and animal waste, facilitating the transmission
of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites to food, water, and various surfaces. The growing incidence of
insecticide resistance and concerns regarding environmental contamination have stimulated interest in eco-
friendly alternatives for fly control. Medicinal plants possess a wide range of bioactive compounds,
including alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolics, and essential oils, which exhibit insecticidal,
repellent, antimicrobial, and larvicidal activities. This systematic review examines the role of Musca
domestica as a carrier of pathogenic microorganisms and evaluates the effectiveness of medicinal plant
extracts in controlling housefly populations. The review summarizes current knowledge regarding fly-
associated pathogens, mechanisms of pathogen transmission, phytochemical constituents of medicinal
plants, and their insecticidal potential. Findings indicate that plant-derived products offer promising
alternatives to synthetic insecticides due to their biodegradability, reduced toxicity, and multiple modes of
action. The study highlights the importance of integrating medicinal plant-based approaches into
sustainable pest management strategies and emphasizes future research directions for the development of
environmentally friendly housefly control methods.